SUMMARIZED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ZOO
Proposed Name : Royal Bhutan Zoological Garden (RBZG)
Location : Khasadrapchu, Thimphu (Yellow pin in Figure 1)
Altitude : 2400 meters above sea level (masl) (Source: GPS Record).
Geo-coordinates : 27°19’40.40”N; 89°34’39.68”E (Figure 1)
Forest Type : Blue pine forest (Physical observation)
Rainfall : 800 to 2000mm (Country data)
Temperature : 3 to 28.7 degrees Celsius (country data)
1. BACKGROUND
Assuming that I have been given an opportunity to set up a zoo of my own in Bhutan, I propose to have one which would be an excellent centre for the study and conservation of wildlife. In fact, Bhutan needs a zoo very badly not only to conserve species, conduct research or entertain the people but also to treat the sick and stressed animals that come out of their habitat either being chased by predators or due to other reasons. Being a government employee, responsible for in-situ conservation programmes of wild animals and plants, I feel a strong necessity to have a zoo in conformity to all the best available guiding principles of a very good zoo that will help solve issues concerning wild animals.
1.1. Why zoo in Bhutan
Bhutan does not have a zoo other than a small Takin Reserve in the capital while it boasts of 80 percent forest cover and 50 percent of the total land area under protected area systems. Conservation in-situ is doing well but for the ex-situ programs, the country needs to take some coherent action. Therefore, I propose to have a zoo with endangered animal collection for conservation, education and entertainment. Further, Bhutan is the only country in the Himalayas without a zoological collection and a new zoo would go a long way in promoting Bhutan’s rich natural heritage while giving lots of options for connecting with other zoos in the region including the Padmaja Naidu Zoological Garden in Darjeeling, India and Kathmandu Zoo in Nepal where the collection is mostly Himalayan species for successful exchange of animals and other programs to co-exist.
1.2. Why in Thimphu
Thimphu, the capital city receives thousands of tourists every year. With a zoo placed nearby, the likelihood of the visitors making to the zoo for whatever reasons (education, entertainment, research, etc.) are very high and the zoo can sustain itself by charging nominal fees. Being near the capital, the proposed zoo will also have access to many other facilities for both the animals and the zoo authorities. Added to it, is the advantage of the animals in emergencies to be air lifted easily from Thimphu to other veterinary hospitals outside Bhutan.
Further, for the sustenance of the zoo, almost all funding agents, volunteering agencies, government and non-government organizations, and various stakeholders reside in Thimphu making establishment of zoo not far from them almost a compulsion. A lot of business opportunities to promote zoo and its collections are available in Thimphu unlike other places in Bhutan. Technical points that support the site include suitable climate, water availability and the topography of the site for sustainable management. The site the has potential to provide best possible enclosures (that appear like nature) for all animals. Further, a zoo in Thimphu can educate more people than any other places in Bhutan because the city has most of the population of 700000 total people of Bhutan.
2. MISSION AND VISION
The mission statement of the proposed zoo for Bhutan is “a continued source of species to deter extinction – the next Naoh’s Ark devoted to rendering obliging visitor experiences and invigorating passion to save wild animals.” And the vision of the zoo is “Bhutan’s trailblazer in protecting wild animals to guarantee the plentiful diversity of nature for the coming generations.”
3. GOALS
1. Move towards center of excellence for conservation, education and entertainment
2. Raise guest experiences to please various audience to motivate conservation works
3. Make a zoo that is environmentally and fiscally sustainable for long term existence
4. Create partnerships and explore new opportunities to keep the zoo going
5. Build inspired staff and volunteers for creating awareness to people who could support the zoo.
Location : Khasadrapchu, Thimphu (Yellow pin in Figure 1)
Altitude : 2400 meters above sea level (masl) (Source: GPS Record).
Geo-coordinates : 27°19’40.40”N; 89°34’39.68”E (Figure 1)
Forest Type : Blue pine forest (Physical observation)
Rainfall : 800 to 2000mm (Country data)
Temperature : 3 to 28.7 degrees Celsius (country data)
Figure 1. The proposed site for the proposed Royal Bhutan Zoological Garden (Map Courtesy: Google)
1. BACKGROUND
Assuming that I have been given an opportunity to set up a zoo of my own in Bhutan, I propose to have one which would be an excellent centre for the study and conservation of wildlife. In fact, Bhutan needs a zoo very badly not only to conserve species, conduct research or entertain the people but also to treat the sick and stressed animals that come out of their habitat either being chased by predators or due to other reasons. Being a government employee, responsible for in-situ conservation programmes of wild animals and plants, I feel a strong necessity to have a zoo in conformity to all the best available guiding principles of a very good zoo that will help solve issues concerning wild animals.
1.1. Why zoo in Bhutan
Bhutan does not have a zoo other than a small Takin Reserve in the capital while it boasts of 80 percent forest cover and 50 percent of the total land area under protected area systems. Conservation in-situ is doing well but for the ex-situ programs, the country needs to take some coherent action. Therefore, I propose to have a zoo with endangered animal collection for conservation, education and entertainment. Further, Bhutan is the only country in the Himalayas without a zoological collection and a new zoo would go a long way in promoting Bhutan’s rich natural heritage while giving lots of options for connecting with other zoos in the region including the Padmaja Naidu Zoological Garden in Darjeeling, India and Kathmandu Zoo in Nepal where the collection is mostly Himalayan species for successful exchange of animals and other programs to co-exist.
1.2. Why in Thimphu
Thimphu, the capital city receives thousands of tourists every year. With a zoo placed nearby, the likelihood of the visitors making to the zoo for whatever reasons (education, entertainment, research, etc.) are very high and the zoo can sustain itself by charging nominal fees. Being near the capital, the proposed zoo will also have access to many other facilities for both the animals and the zoo authorities. Added to it, is the advantage of the animals in emergencies to be air lifted easily from Thimphu to other veterinary hospitals outside Bhutan.
Further, for the sustenance of the zoo, almost all funding agents, volunteering agencies, government and non-government organizations, and various stakeholders reside in Thimphu making establishment of zoo not far from them almost a compulsion. A lot of business opportunities to promote zoo and its collections are available in Thimphu unlike other places in Bhutan. Technical points that support the site include suitable climate, water availability and the topography of the site for sustainable management. The site the has potential to provide best possible enclosures (that appear like nature) for all animals. Further, a zoo in Thimphu can educate more people than any other places in Bhutan because the city has most of the population of 700000 total people of Bhutan.
2. MISSION AND VISION
The mission statement of the proposed zoo for Bhutan is “a continued source of species to deter extinction – the next Naoh’s Ark devoted to rendering obliging visitor experiences and invigorating passion to save wild animals.” And the vision of the zoo is “Bhutan’s trailblazer in protecting wild animals to guarantee the plentiful diversity of nature for the coming generations.”
3. GOALS
1. Move towards center of excellence for conservation, education and entertainment
2. Raise guest experiences to please various audience to motivate conservation works
3. Make a zoo that is environmentally and fiscally sustainable for long term existence
4. Create partnerships and explore new opportunities to keep the zoo going
5. Build inspired staff and volunteers for creating awareness to people who could support the zoo.
4. OBJECTIVES
1. To help in-situ conservation by supporting the re-introduction programmes for species on the edge of extinction
2. To treat sick animals (diseased or distressed) - act as a hospital for the sick animals
3. Edu-tain (Educate and entertain) the people/visitors
5. SPECIES CHOICE
In gthe eneral, choice of species for the zoos depends on many factors like mission of the zoo, fund, space, technology and knowledge about species that are to be conserved, exhibited or collected. The location of the zoo is very important because it could also determine the type of collection. In the proposed zoo located near Thimphu, the species chosen are in Tables 1, 2 and 3 for ma,mmals, birds and herpetofauna respectively. Since one of the main missions of the collection is to supplement in-situ conservation, animals identified as critically endangered (cr), endangered (en), vulnerable (vu), rare (r), near threatened (nt)/lower risk (lr) in the wild by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the aIpendix (app i, ii, iii) species of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) will be given importance while also keeping the local species of conservation, culture and traditional significance protected under Bhutan’s Schedule I (bsch i) list in the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995 (FNCA).
Of the 189 mammals species recorded so far for Bhutan, the zoo shall keep 27 species that are crucial for international and local conservation. For example, Axis axis will be kept in the collection because of its rarity in Bhutan although it is not under threat internationally. Being uncommon in Bhutan, the deer can attract local visitors. Owing to its status, the zoo will also have Elaphus maximus, the providing best facilities. Other listed mammals besides Sus salvanius, Bubalus bubalis, and Bos gaurus can definitely survive in Thimphu because of their relevant ecological altitude supplemented by best facilities provided to them.
Amongst avi-fauna, the zoo will keep 30 species including the ones protected under FNCA (Bhutan Schedule I (bsch i)), IUCN)the , nd CITES.
In herpetofauna group, the zoo will keep 7 species (2 snakes and 5 Testudines). But as the species invariably belong to the lower foothills of the Himalayas – the Siwaliks, a thorough habitat manipulation inside the zoo is required.
Another criteria used for choice of species for the zoo is the power of the species selected to attract visitors and researchers. In my collection, many species qualify the status of flagship or umbrella species for researchers as well as visitors. For instance, Panthera tigris is considered a flagship species by field biologist in the wild because when action to conserve the species in situ is taken many species in the food chain are conserved. Some wildlife biologists in India term “Rusa unicolor conservation as Panthera tigris conservation” or vice-versa.
1. To help in-situ conservation by supporting the re-introduction programmes for species on the edge of extinction
2. To treat sick animals (diseased or distressed) - act as a hospital for the sick animals
3. Edu-tain (Educate and entertain) the people/visitors
5. SPECIES CHOICE
In gthe eneral, choice of species for the zoos depends on many factors like mission of the zoo, fund, space, technology and knowledge about species that are to be conserved, exhibited or collected. The location of the zoo is very important because it could also determine the type of collection. In the proposed zoo located near Thimphu, the species chosen are in Tables 1, 2 and 3 for ma,mmals, birds and herpetofauna respectively. Since one of the main missions of the collection is to supplement in-situ conservation, animals identified as critically endangered (cr), endangered (en), vulnerable (vu), rare (r), near threatened (nt)/lower risk (lr) in the wild by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the aIpendix (app i, ii, iii) species of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) will be given importance while also keeping the local species of conservation, culture and traditional significance protected under Bhutan’s Schedule I (bsch i) list in the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995 (FNCA).
Of the 189 mammals species recorded so far for Bhutan, the zoo shall keep 27 species that are crucial for international and local conservation. For example, Axis axis will be kept in the collection because of its rarity in Bhutan although it is not under threat internationally. Being uncommon in Bhutan, the deer can attract local visitors. Owing to its status, the zoo will also have Elaphus maximus, the providing best facilities. Other listed mammals besides Sus salvanius, Bubalus bubalis, and Bos gaurus can definitely survive in Thimphu because of their relevant ecological altitude supplemented by best facilities provided to them.
Amongst avi-fauna, the zoo will keep 30 species including the ones protected under FNCA (Bhutan Schedule I (bsch i)), IUCN)the , nd CITES.
In herpetofauna group, the zoo will keep 7 species (2 snakes and 5 Testudines). But as the species invariably belong to the lower foothills of the Himalayas – the Siwaliks, a thorough habitat manipulation inside the zoo is required.
Another criteria used for choice of species for the zoo is the power of the species selected to attract visitors and researchers. In my collection, many species qualify the status of flagship or umbrella species for researchers as well as visitors. For instance, Panthera tigris is considered a flagship species by field biologist in the wild because when action to conserve the species in situ is taken many species in the food chain are conserved. Some wildlife biologists in India term “Rusa unicolor conservation as Panthera tigris conservation” or vice-versa.
Table 1. Mammals
Sl. #
|
Species
|
Common Name
|
Status
|
Criteria
|
1
|
Felis/Prionailurus
viverrinus
|
Fishing Cat
|
vu, app ii
|
iucn, cites
|
2
|
Lutra lutra
|
Otter
|
vu, app i
|
iucn, cites
|
3
|
Melursus ursinus
|
Sloth Bear
|
vu, app i
|
iucn, cites
|
4
|
Presbytis/Semnopithecus
entellus
|
Grey Langur
|
lr/nt, app i
|
iucn, cites
|
5
|
Presbytis/Trachypithecus
pileatus
|
Pileated Langur
|
en, app i
|
iucn, cites
|
6
|
Axis porcinus
|
Hog Deer
|
app i
|
cites
|
7
|
Canis lupus
|
Gray Wolf
|
app i/ii
|
cites
|
8
|
Felis/Lynx lynx
|
Lynx
|
nt
|
iucn
|
9
|
Marmota himalayana
|
Himalayan Marmot
|
app iii
|
cites
|
10
|
Vulpes vulpes
|
Red Fox
|
app iii
|
cites
|
11
|
Axis axis
|
Spotted Deer
|
Bsch i
|
fnca
|
12
|
Ailurus fulgens
|
Red Panda
|
bsch i, en, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
13
|
Bos gaurus/frontalis
|
Gaur
|
bsch i, en, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
14
|
Budorcas taxicolor whitei
|
Bhutan Takin
|
bsch i, vu, app ii
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
15
|
Capricornis sumatraensis
|
Himalayan Serow
|
bsch i, vu, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
16
|
Elaphus maximus
|
Asian Elephant
|
bsch i, en, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
17
|
Manis crassicaudata
|
Indian Pangolin
|
bsch i, lr/nt, app ii
|
fnca, iucn,cites
|
18
|
Mochus chrysogaster
|
Musk Deer
|
bsch i, lr/nt, app i/ii
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
19
|
Neofelis nebulosa
|
Clouded Leopard
|
bsch i, vu,, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
20
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
bsch i, en, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
21
|
Trachypithecus/Presbytis
geei
|
Golden Langur
|
bsch i, en, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
22
|
Selenarctos thibetanus
|
Himalayan Bear
|
bsch i, vu, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
23
|
Sus salvanius
|
Pygmy Hog
|
bsch i, cr, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
24
|
Bubalus bubalis
|
Wild Buffalo
|
bsch i, en
|
fnca, cites
|
25
|
Felis/Prionailurus
bengalensis
|
Leopard Cat
|
bsch i, appi/ii
|
fnca, cites
|
26
|
Panthera pardus
|
Common Leopard
|
bsch i, app i
|
fnca, cites
|
27
|
Panthera/Uncia uncial
|
Snow Leopard
|
bsch i, app i
|
fnca, cites
|
Table 2. Birds
Sl. No.
|
Species
|
Common Name
|
Status
|
Criteria
|
1
|
Aceros nipalensis
|
Rufous-necked Hornbill
|
bsch i, vu, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
2
|
Grus nigricollis
|
Black-necked Crane
|
bsch i, vu, app i
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
3
|
Tragopan blythii
|
Blyth's Tragopan
|
vu, app i
|
iucn, cites,
|
4
|
Haliaeetus leucoryphus
|
Pallas's Fish Eagle
|
vu, app ii
|
iucn, cites
|
5
|
Haliaeetus albicilla
|
White-tailed Eagle
|
lr/nt, app i
|
iucn, cites
|
6
|
Ichthyophaga humilis
|
Lesser Fish Eagle
|
lr/nt, app ii
|
iucn, cites
|
7
|
Gyps bengalensis
|
White-rumped Vulture
|
cr, app ii
|
iucn, cites
|
8
|
Aquila clanga
|
Greater Spotted Eagle
|
vu, app ii
|
iucn, cites
|
9
|
Aquila heliaca
|
Imperial Eagle
|
vu, app i
|
iucn, cites
|
10
|
Arborophila mandellii
|
Chestnut-breasted Partridge
|
vu
|
iucn,
|
11
|
Lophophorus impejanus
|
Monal Pheasant
|
bsch i
|
fnca
|
12
|
Tragopan satyra
|
Satyr Tragopan
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
13
|
Polyplectron bicalcaratum
|
Grey Peacock Pheasant
|
bsch i
|
fnca
|
14
|
Aythya baeri
|
Baer's Pochard
|
vu
|
iucn
|
15
|
Aythya nyroca
|
Ferruginous Duck/Pochard
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
16
|
Indicator xanthonotus
|
Yellow-rumped Honey guide
|
lr/nt
|
fnca, iucn, cites
|
17
|
Buceros bicornis
|
Great Hornbill
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
18
|
Harpactes wardi
|
Ward's Trogon
|
lr/nt
|
iucn,
|
19
|
Alcedo hercules
|
Blyth's Kingfisher
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
20
|
Apus acuticauda
|
Dark-rumped Swift
|
vu
|
iucn,
|
21
|
Gallinago nemoricola
|
Wood Snipe
|
vu
|
iucn
|
22
|
Sarcogyps calvus
|
Red-headed Vulture
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
23
|
Ardea insignis
|
White-bellied Heron
|
en
|
iucn
|
24
|
Corvus corax
|
Common Raven
|
bsch i
|
fnca, national bird
|
25
|
Ficedula subrubra
|
Kashmir Flycatcher
|
vu
|
iucn
|
26
|
Sitta formosa
|
Beautiful Nuthatch
|
vu
|
iucn
|
27
|
Prinia cinereocapilla
|
Grey-crowned Prinia
|
vu
|
iucn
|
28
|
Spelaeornis caudatus
|
Rufous-throated Wren Babbler
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
29
|
Sphenocichla humei
|
Wedge-billed Wren Babbler
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
30
|
Ithaginis cruentus
|
Blood Pheasant
|
App ii
|
cites
|
Table 3. Reptiles
Sl. No.
|
Scientific Name
|
Common name
|
Statue
|
Criteria
|
1
|
Python molurus
|
Indian Rock
Python
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
2
|
Dinodon gammiei
|
Sikkim False
Wolf Snake
|
r
|
iucn
|
3
|
Cuora
amboinensis
|
Malayan Box
Turtle
|
vu
|
iucn
|
4
|
Cuora mouhotii
|
Keeled Box
Turtle
|
en
|
iucn
|
5
|
Melanochelys
tricarinata
|
Tricarinate
Turtle
|
vu
|
iucn
|
6
|
Melanochelys
trijuga
|
Black Pond
Turtle
|
lr/nt
|
iucn
|
7
|
Cyclemys gemeli
|
Indian Leaf
Turtle
|
dd
|
iucn
|
6.
CONSERVATION
The ex-situ
collection shall adopt the following strategies to support conservation of the
species in situ.
6.1. Strategy
1: Reintroduction
Join Association
of Zoos and Aquarium’s (AZA’s) Species Survival Plan (SSP) Program to help
reintroduction of species that are endangered or threatened in the wild. Therefore,
reintroduction programs on Presbytis pileatus, Ailurus
fulgens, Bos gaurus, Elaphus maximus, Panthera tigris, Presbytis geei, Sus
salvanius and, Bubalus bubalis
amongst mammals will be initiated in the zoo with relevant stakeholders
worldwide.
In avi-fauna, breeding of species like Ardea insignis,
Grus nigricollis, Aceros nipalensis, and Gyps bengalensis is
proposed as they are under serious threat of extinction. An example of such
inian tiative (I followed closely) in Bhutan for Ardea insignis was tried
by Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN), an NGO in Bhutan. A juvenile
white bellied heron was released after hatching in captivity in 2012 but it is
not known whether the bird survived. However, such initiatives to help
maintaining viable population of threatened species will be one of the primary
objectives of the proposed zoo with enough resources.
Re-introductions are feasible and there are examples such
as those of AZA’s SSP Programs bringing back Mustela nigripes, Gymnogyps californianus, and Canis lupus rufus
from the brink of extinction. They also tried to re-establish the population of
Gorilla gorilla
gorilla, Vultur
gryphus, Uncia uncia, and Ailuropoda melanoleuca in the wild.
The zoo will collaborate with the agency for the relevant species
re-introduction. Options for Cryo-preservation of genes and others will also be
explored to support species continuity in the zoo as well as in the wild.
6.2. Strategy
2: Providing knowledge
Another
strategy to help conservation of species is to provide knowledge to the public.
The zoo shall focus on providing skills and resources by starting breeding
prograand ms, learning and teaching translocation techniques of species from one
habitat to others or the zoos. Education on animal (wildlife) health,
conducting species specific research, training or educating people/visitors will
be taken seriously.
7. RESEARCH
AND EDUCATION
My zoo
will be integratthe ed into research community and general public for creating awareness
in understanding the animal science that will contribute to conservation and
entertainment worldwide. Following strategies will be used for promoting
research.
7.1. Strategy
1. Collaboration with research institutes (Universities and Colleges)
The zoo
shall provide funds to conduct research on critically endangered and other
species of conservation signific of all the three taxa (mammal,s, birds and
herpetofauna) by collaborating with Universities and research institutes
outside and within Bhutan. Local institutes identified for such activities in
Bhutan would be College of Natural Resources, Sherubtse College, Royal Thimphu
College which are affiliated to the Royal University of Bhutan while Edinburgh
Univeristy could be an option outside Bhutan.
7.2. Strategy
2: Education
The zoo shall
focus on educating the mass. Scientific studies and basic education on the biology
of animals will be taught to collegians, high school students and pre-primary
school children as well as the local populace who have no basic education.
8. STRATEGIES
TO ATTRACT VISITORS
The following activities will be undertaken to attract
visitors to the zoo
1. Intensify awareness and entice tourists
2.
Generate exciting and explanatory means tolve with
animals in the zoo
3.
Deliver conservation messages
First, stthe udy target market and understand competition
from other zoos and initiate extra entertainment possibilities, additional
helpful (charitable) options and expand corporations/partnerships. Second, benchmark
other aquariums, museums, zoos and public attraction centres and then identify
visitors from Thimphu and outside (families, singles, teens, children, periodic
populaces and trippers/occasional visitors, etc.) and then rope in business partners
(hotels), press/media and public leaders/local politicians and frame clear
action plans as sampled below.
Blueprint 1: Intensify awareness to entice tourists
Strategy: Target homegrown/local and adjoining/neighbouring
visitors
Schemes:
- Publicity and PR – Put all efforts in one editorial timetable
- Implement actions targeting singles/families
- Implement online with homegrown bloggers/Yelp/Trip Advisors, etcetera.
- Bond with international/national occasions with explicit packages (Environment, Earth, Wildlife Day(s), etc.). Update website and improve it regularly with animal bios, review blogs branding them more personal, magnify You-Tube Channels and use other media like Instagram, facTwitter twitter, etcetera.
- Schedule value photo competitions, formulate “tweet from the zoo” platform
Blueprint 2: Generate exciting and exploratory means
to involve with animals in the zoo
Strategy: Create exciting educational packages and
signage by collaborating with business associates who fund displays and events
Schemes:
- Cross promote with local business (interesting thinthe gs with zoo)
- Fix permanent exhibits collaborating with large companies in Bhutan/Thimphu
- Let stakeholders to play vital role in developing tactics to create signage/activities in the zo0
- Create wallet foldout brochures about the zoo
- Focus on “edu-tainment” for zoo signaan ge
- Create engaging/interactive experience in the zoo
- Explore ways to work with national groups (WWF Bhutan, RSPN, Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation of Environment, Bhutan (UWICE), Department of Forest and Park Services, Bhutan (DoFPS), etc.) and when feasible expand the network outside Bhutan.
- Pick a quarterly topic to convey main zoo messages with attractive conservation themes.
- Attract visitors with 4E “Educate, Entertain, Enable and Empower.”
Blueprint 3: Deliver conservation messages
Strategy: Connect people to conservation with immense
experiences
Schemes:
- Employ experienced wildlifers to educate visitors
- Attract people by keeping visitor fees low
- Create spaces for people to sit and enjoy near by the zoo
9. CONCLUSION
The dream zoo shall be located in a very ideal place for
the species from Oriental, Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan biogeographic
realms.
It shall be manned by highly qualified personnel with the state of art
technology in place for conservation, entertainment, education and research whicthe h
shall ensure achievement of the mission, vision and the objectives of the
proposed zoo.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bauert, M. (2002). Technical Guidelines on the
Management of Ex-situ populations for Conservation. Zurich Zoo,
Switzerland.
Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) website. http://www.cites.org/eng/
Defra (2012). Zoos Expert Committee Handbook. Available at www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/zoos/
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Disclaimer
This is my personal thought and anything written here is not intended to harm or promote people or things mentioned here. No one is authorized to use the content of this blog for either personal, official or official purposes. People mentioned here in are fictitious characters and any resemblance to anyone with some isracters or more are purely coincidence.
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